{"id":11834,"date":"2026-02-14T07:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=11834"},"modified":"2026-01-30T12:10:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T10:10:03","slug":"orta-sinif-bilim-ve-teknoloji-celal-ozkizan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=11834","title":{"rendered":"Orta S\u0131n\u0131f, Bilim ve Teknoloji – Celal \u00d6zk\u0131zan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn son kazanan\u0131 Joel Mokyr, bir makalesinde (1) Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin neden Hollanda\u2019da de\u011fil de \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini sorgular. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce \u0130ngiltere\u2019den hi\u00e7 de geri kal\u0131r bir yan\u0131 yoktu. 1700 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 GSYH\u2019si \u0130ngiltere\u2019ninkinin 1.5 kat\u0131ndan daha fazlayd\u0131. (2) Dahas\u0131 Hollanda, Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir bilimsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131\u00e7rama d\u00f6neminden ge\u00e7mi\u015f, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi Devrimi: Neden Hollanda De\u011fil \u0130ngiltere?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi toplumsal ve ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. \u00d6te yandan \u0130ngiltere, daha 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, \u00fcretken anlamda kapitalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015fti. Hollanda\u2019da \u00fcretken sermayeye dayal\u0131 kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkiler k\u00f6k salmaya ba\u015flamakla birlikte, ticari ve finansal sermaye \u00fcretken olan\u0131n elini kolunu ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.(3) B\u00f6ylelikle \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kapitalizm, Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nden hemen \u00f6nce neredeyse egemen bir yap\u0131 niteli\u011fine b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fken, Hollanda\u2019da ise hen\u00fcz pi\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hollanda\u2019da bilimsel ve teknolojik geli\u015fmeler b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda akademik \u00e7evrelerde ve geleneksel bi\u00e7imlerde \u015fekillenmi\u015f, \u00fcretken sermaye ile organik bir ba\u011f kuramam\u0131\u015f, kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z i\u00e7 dinamiklerinin ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi yere kadar serpilebilmi\u015f, yani s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise dinamizmini \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, tekniklerinin ve teknolojilerinin k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00fcretkenlik do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrekli devinimine bor\u00e7lu olan kapitalizmin (4) egemen hale gelmesiyle birlikte, bilim ve teknoloji ile kapitalist ekonomik sistem aras\u0131nda organik ba\u011flar kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm, Bilim ve Teknoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ngiliz bilim \u00e7evreleri, kapitalist \u00fcretim i\u00e7in \u201ckullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u201d bilgiler \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; teorik, felsefi veya akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en \u2018pratik\u2019 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sermaye \u00e7evreleri taraf\u0131ndan fonlanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, \u2018\u00fcretim i\u00e7in bilim\u2019 d\u00fcstur edinilmi\u015f, sermayedarlar ile m\u00fchendisler ve teknisyenler aras\u0131nda organik ba\u011flar kurulmu\u015f ve laboratuvar ile i\u015fyeri aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m ge\u00e7ersizle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm-bilim ili\u015fkisi, gayet pragmatist ve \u00e7\u0131kara dayal\u0131 bir ili\u015fkidir. Evet, bir yandan, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi kapitalizm, bilimsel ve teknolojik bulu\u015flar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tarihte e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir dinamizm yarat\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, bu dinamizm, k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesinin \u00f6nko\u015fulundan azade hareket edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mutlak potansiyelini esir al\u0131r. Kapitalizm, \u00fcretimi ve bilimi toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesinin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralam\u0131\u015f, ancak k\u00e2ra dayal\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131 nedeniyle o kap\u0131dan i\u00e7eriye insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n girmesine izin vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bug\u00fcn sahip oldu\u011fu teknolojik potansiyelin kapitalizmin k\u00e2ra dayal\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle heba edilmesi \u00f6yle kayg\u0131 verici boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc sahibi Acemo\u011flu ve Johnson gibi piyasa yanl\u0131s\u0131 liberal iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar bile kapitalist \u2018inovasyonun\u2019 teknik ve ilerici bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, teknolojik potansiyelin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerin k\u00e2r h\u0131rslar\u0131 u\u011fruna milyarlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve refah imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrebilmektedirler. (5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta S\u0131n\u0131f, Ortada S\u0131n\u0131f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin bilim ve teknoloji ile kurdu\u011fu bu dinamik ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ili\u015fki, \u00e7e\u015fitli beceri, uzmanl\u0131k, yetkinlik ve ustal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6yle ya s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcretim teknikleri, teknolojileri ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, bunlara uyum sa\u011flayabilecek, bunlar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek \u00f6zel becerilere sahip emek\u00e7ileri de gerektirir. Bu beceriler, birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar e\u011fitim, \u00f6zellikle de y\u00fcksek mesleki e\u011fitim veya y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim yolu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla elde edilebildi\u011finden, orta s\u0131n\u0131f ile e\u011fitimli olmak e\u015f tutuluyordu. Oysaki \u00fcniversiteli i\u015fsizler veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccrete \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fcvencesiz diplomal\u0131lar ger\u00e7e\u011finden de bildi\u011fimiz \u00fczere, mesele e\u011fitime indirgenemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dahas\u0131, piyasan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu beceriler, kapitalizmin dinamik do\u011fas\u0131 nedeniyle sabit de\u011fildir. Y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce okur-yazar olmak \u00f6zel bir beceriyken, otuz y\u0131l \u00f6nce Excel\u2019i yetkin kullanabilmek bir beceriydi, on y\u0131l \u00f6nce ise kod yazabilmek \u00f6zel bir beceriydi. Bug\u00fcn, bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri, b\u0131rak\u0131n size \u2018orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u2019 bir i\u015f sa\u011flamay\u0131, bir i\u015f dahi sa\u011flayamayabilir. Tad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak istemem, ancak bu beceriye sahip insanlar, zaten hi\u00e7bir zaman orta s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fildiler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortada b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131f yoktu.(6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emek ve Orta S\u0131n\u0131f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131k hali, kapitalist \u2018emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 belirli bir d\u00f6nemde ve ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine talep etti\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zel becerilerin sahiplerinin kap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yan\u0131lsamad\u0131r. Bu yan\u0131lsama, yine kapitalizmin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi o \u00f6zel becerilerin genel becerilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ortadan kalkar ve yerini yeni -ve yine ge\u00e7ici- \u00f6zel becerilere sahip emek\u00e7ilerin yan\u0131lsamalar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r. Oysaki eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inen herkes emek\u00e7idir, sadece baz\u0131 emeklerin niteli\u011fi, baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ve bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine \u2018de\u011fere biner\u2019. Ancak hangi \u00f6zel beceriler de\u011fere binerse binsin, kapitalizmin as\u0131l numaras\u0131, genel anlamda eme\u011fi de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kap\u0131n\u0131n Ard\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131k hali, kapitalizmin aralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o insani \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme kap\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u00e7eriye bakabilecek kadar kap\u0131ya yak\u0131n olanlar\u0131n, kendi \u00f6zel becerilerini ve ki\u015fisel niteliklerini kullan\u0131p birka\u00e7 ad\u0131m daha atarak o kap\u0131dan girebileceklerine dair bo\u015f bir inan\u00e7tan ibarettir. Kap\u0131, kapitalistler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6lesiye bir k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla tutulmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r ve i\u00e7eriye girmenin yolu, tek tek bireylerin kap\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131l\u0131p girmekten de\u011fil, kap\u0131y\u0131 kapitalistlerin ba\u015f\u0131na emek\u00e7iler olarak hep birlikte y\u0131kmaktan ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Joel Mokyr (2000). The Industrial Revolution and the Netherlands: Why did it not happen?. De Economist 148.4: 503-520<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Angus Maddison (2006). The World Economy, OECD Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 92<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Pepijn Brandon (2011). Marxism and the \u2018Dutch miracle\u2019: The Dutch Republic and the transition-debate. Historical Materialism, 19(3): 140-142. Bu makalenin, global bir sistem olan kapitalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 bir k\u0131yas yerine global bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele almak gerekti\u011fini hakl\u0131 olarak ifade etti\u011finin de alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izelim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 \u201c\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde s\u00fcrekli devrim yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n burjuvazi var olamaz.\u201d Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels (1848). Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Daron Acemo\u011flu ve Simon Johnson (2023). Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity. John Murray Press<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 Bu say\u0131da M\u00fcn\u00fcr Rahvanc\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun \u201cOrta S\u0131n\u0131f Var M\u0131d\u0131r?<\/a>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131 resminin kayna\u011f\u0131: Jasper Rietman<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn son kazanan\u0131 Joel Mokyr, bir makalesinde (1) Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin neden Hollanda\u2019da de\u011fil de \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini sorgular. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":11835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[40,38,42,1,39],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-6.png","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4eHWX-34S","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11834"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11834"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11837,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11834\/revisions\/11837"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11834"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}