{"id":7769,"date":"2020-11-04T14:17:49","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T12:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=7769"},"modified":"2020-11-04T14:17:49","modified_gmt":"2020-11-04T12:17:49","slug":"90larin-dunyasi-nazen-sansal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=7769","title":{"rendered":"90\u2019lar\u0131n D\u00fcnyas\u0131- Nazen \u015eansal"},"content":{"rendered":"

Argasdi’nin 59. say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0 “90’lar” dosya konusuyla yolculu\u011funa devam ediyor. Modern zamanlardan postmodern zamanlara keyifli bir okuma yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z “90\u2019lar\u0131n D\u00fcnyas\u0131” Nazen \u015eansal’\u0131n kaleminden sizlerle bulu\u015fuyor.<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n

\"the-90s-quiz\"<\/a>Bir kafede, benden 10-15 ya\u015f gen\u00e7 bir arkada\u015f\u0131mla sohbet ediyorduk. 90’l\u0131 y\u0131llardaki \u00fcniversite hayat\u0131mda okula para \u00f6demedi\u011fimi, e\u011fitimin \u00fccretsiz ve kamusal oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fimde \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Para verilmeden gidilebilen bir \u00fcniversite olabilece\u011fini, o ana kadar hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde, emeklilik haklar\u0131yla ilgili bir konu\u015fmada da bulunmu\u015f ve 90’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda emekli olanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha \u015fansl\u0131 oldu\u011funu duymu\u015ftum. \u00dclkemizde i\u015f\u00e7i olarak bulunan T\u00fcrkmenistanl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n\u0131n 90’lardan \u00f6nce ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet okulu e\u011fitimi ile piyano \u00e7alabildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmdeyse kulaklar\u0131ma inanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. \u0130yi de, neydi 20. asr\u0131n son 10 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n hikmeti? \u0130leriye do\u011fru gitmemiz gerekmez miydi? Neden kaybediyorduk elimizdekileri? Hatta kaybetti\u011fimiz sadece elimizdekiler de\u011fil; bunlar\u0131n yak\u0131n bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fte var oldu\u011fu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tekrar sahip olabilece\u011fimiz fikriydi.<\/p>\n

90’lara ba\u015flarken<\/b><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Bloku \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131f g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00f6zel bir dengesinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan sosyal refah devleti, kapitalizmin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olmaktan art\u0131k kalkabilirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sermayeyi baz\u0131 tavizler vermeye; kamusal e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, bar\u0131nma, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik gibi haklar\u0131 tan\u0131maya iten temel neden, devrimci bir sosyalist alternatifin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130\u015fte 90’lar (asl\u0131nda \u00e7oktan de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olan) iki kutuplu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n resmi olarak \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. Art\u0131k tek bir kutup kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201ck\u00fcreselle\u015fme\u201d kand\u0131rmacas\u0131 ve neoliberal re\u00e7ete d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda daha kolay uygulamaya konabilirdi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcreselle\u015fen emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya aras\u0131ndaki, yanl\u0131\u015f olarak So\u011fuk Sava\u015f diye adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, 1945-1992 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde meydana gelen 143 sava\u015fta 23 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, Zapatistalar\u0131n Komutan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Marcos\u2019un \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanan bir s\u00fcrecin sonucudur.(1)<\/p>\n

K\u00fcreselle\u015fME<\/b><\/p>\n

90’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi iddia edilen iki tema vard\u0131: Sermayenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ve internet teknolojisi ile telekom\u00fcnikasyon \u201cdevrimi\u201dne dayanan yeni ekonomi! O y\u0131llarda teknolojik devrimin k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor; elle tutulur mal ve hizmetler \u00fcreten eski ekonominin yerine, bu sekt\u00f6re yap\u0131lan muazzam yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 yeni ekonominin, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcme, y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenlik, zenginlik ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fi savunuluyordu. Ama yeni bin y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte \u201ck\u00fcreselle\u015fme\u201dnin, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Avrupa ve Amerika devletlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 dev \u015firketlerin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olup imparatorluk in\u015fas\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi; teknolojik devrim mitinin de ABD-Avrupa sermayesinin emperyal sava\u015flar temelinde yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gizleyen ideolojik bir k\u0131l\u0131f oldu\u011fu su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00f6yle ki; \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u00fcretim yaparken ara\u015ft\u0131rma-geli\u015ftirme faaliyetleri ve k\u00e2rlar ulus devletlerde merkezile\u015fir. Ne \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kontrol\u00fc, onlar\u0131n ulus devletlere adeta bir zincirle ba\u011fl\u0131 olma kal\u0131c\u0131 karakterini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ne de onlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 faaliyetleri, merkezile\u015fmi\u015f imparatorluk in\u015fas\u0131 karakterini ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(2)<\/p>\n

Teknolojik devrimin ekonomik krizleri \u00f6nleyemedi\u011fi, \u00fcretkenlikte \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta enformasyon sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yap\u0131lan milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m, daha \u00fcretken alanlara yap\u0131lacak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 engelleyerek getirisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, yan sekt\u00f6rlere etkisi az olan bir sekt\u00f6rde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sermaye birikimine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dahas\u0131; bilgisayarlarda milenyum krizi diye hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkulu dijital k\u0131yamet sorunu i\u00e7in y\u00fcz milyarlarca dolar harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

90\u2019larda ABD-Avrupa yay\u0131lmas\u0131na kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7an s\u00fcr\u00fckleyici g\u00fc\u00e7, teknolojik devrim de\u011fil, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019dan Balkanlara neredeyse t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sava\u015flar ve \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ad\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki emek ve do\u011fa s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Solcular\u0131n eli armut mu topluyordu?<\/b><\/p>\n

Sosyal refah devleti ve halk\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131, do\u011fal olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir toplumsal ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fa yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. O halde bu politikalar\u0131n uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma potansiyeli g\u00f6steren s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131na girip \u201ctoplumsal tampon\u201d yaratacak devlet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ideolojiye sahip \u00f6rg\u00fctleri finanse etmesi i\u015fe yarar bir form\u00fcl olabilirdi. Oldu da\u2026<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sivil toplum diye tarif edilen bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin say\u0131s\u0131 90\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde binlere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnyada 4 milyar dolay\u0131na yak\u0131n para yard\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131yorlard\u0131.(3)<\/p>\n

Neoliberalizme muhalefet b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ABD ve Avrupa h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, STK\u2019lara sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 fonlar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bu fonlarla, \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerle birlikte kendilerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ve yoksulla\u015fman\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir nebze de olsa tazmin ediyor hem de bunu o \u00fclkenin muhalifleri eliyle yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yani solcular\u0131n eli armut de\u011fil Dolar topluyordu. B\u00f6ylece, projelerini toplumsal hareketin \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutan, insanlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 mahveden yap\u0131sal sorunlara de\u011fil bunlar\u0131 palyatif olarak \u00e7\u00f6zecek mali ve teknik imk\u00e2nlara odaklanan bir sivil toplumculuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ald\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. STK\u2019lar\u0131n apolitik tav\u0131rlar\u0131 ve yard\u0131ma odaklanmalar\u0131, halk kesimlerini depolitize edip da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131. Toplumsal hareketlerin eski \u00f6nderleri, sendika ve emek\u00e7i kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin liderleri ya da eski sol ayd\u0131nlar, y\u00fcksek \u00fccret, uluslararas\u0131 prestij , \u201ciyilik\u201d yapma iste\u011fi gibi gerek\u00e7elerle STK\u2019larda yuvaland\u0131lar. Onlara yukar\u0131lara t\u0131rmanma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunan 90\u2019lar, k\u00f6yl\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7i ve \u00f6zellikle kamu hizmetlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lara kayma anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Modern zamanlardan postmodern zamanlara<\/b><\/p>\n

90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda toplumsal de\u011ferlerde ya\u015fanan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel erozyonun bir sebebi de modern zamanlar\u0131n, akla ve bilime dayal\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc ideolojilerin sonunun ilan edilip postmodern zamanlara ge\u00e7i\u015fin ya\u015fanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Art\u0131k her konu esnek, her alan belirsiz, her etik de\u011fer de\u011fi\u015febilirdir. Toplumun de\u011fil bireyin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. Dinler gibi bilimin de egemenli\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131lmal\u0131, her ili\u015fkide g\u00f6r\u00fclen (yani asl\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olan) iktidar reddedilmelidir. Mutlak do\u011frunun olmay\u0131p her \u015feyin g\u00f6receli oldu\u011fu, kurals\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kural, ilkesizli\u011fin ilke say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme bi\u00e7iminin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkileri 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda siyasetle, televizyonla, edebiyatla, sanatla, ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131za ili\u015f(tiril)mi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u0130yi olan \u015fu ki; ge\u00e7ici ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kimlikler yerine tarihsel ve belirgin s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkileri \u00f6n plana alarak direnenler \u00fclkemizde de d\u00fcnyada da var olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0 <\/i>James Petras, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve Direni\u015f, Cosmopolitik Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme: Sosyalist Bir Perspektif<\/i><\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0 <\/i>James Petras, a.g.e.,\u00a0 Neomerkantilist \u0130mparatorluklar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda 3.Teknolojik Devrim Miti<\/i><\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0 <\/i>James Petras, a.g.e., \u00a0Latin Amerika\u2019da Emperyalizm ve Sivil Toplum Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 <\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Argasdi’nin 59. say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0 “90’lar” dosya konusuyla yolculu\u011funa devam ediyor. Modern zamanlardan postmodern zamanlara keyifli bir okuma yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z “90\u2019lar\u0131n D\u00fcnyas\u0131” Nazen \u015eansal’\u0131n kaleminden sizlerle bulu\u015fuyor. Bir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":7770,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[40,67,44,9,1,39],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/the-90s-quiz.jpeg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4eHWX-21j","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7769"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7769"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7769\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7771,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7769\/revisions\/7771"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}