{"id":8692,"date":"2022-03-04T09:55:53","date_gmt":"2022-03-04T07:55:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=8692"},"modified":"2022-03-04T09:55:53","modified_gmt":"2022-03-04T07:55:53","slug":"devralinan-uc-asirlik-bir-bayrak-emel-karagozlu-cicibaba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/?p=8692","title":{"rendered":"Devral\u0131nan \u00dc\u00e7 As\u0131rl\u0131k Bir Bayrak – Emel Karag\u00f6zl\u00fc Cicibaba"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cE\u015fitlik\u201d ve \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi, bu bayra\u011f\u0131 eline al\u0131p y\u00fckseltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in zifiri karanl\u0131k olmu\u015f, haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan kad\u0131nlar giyotine bile g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Buna ra\u011fmen Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131, kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi ve feminist m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan haklar\u0131, demokrasi, oy hakk\u0131, laiklik, e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck gibi ayd\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011ferler ve bilim geli\u015ftik\u00e7e kad\u0131nlar da bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden beslenerek m\u00fccadele sahnesinde yerlerini alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131da inceleyece\u011fimiz Olympe de Gouges ve Mary Wollstonecraft bu kad\u0131nlardan ikisidir. Verdikleri \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve e\u015fitlik kavgas\u0131yla bug\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fccadelesinin temellerini olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan eserler ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma ve Feminist M\u00fccadelenin Temelleri<\/b><\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminin en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da egemen olan \u201ckutsal\u201ddan kopu\u015f ile insanlar\u0131 (o d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde buna erkekleri diyebiliriz) \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen varl\u0131klar olarak g\u00f6rmesidir. Bu felsefe ile cinsiyetler aras\u0131 ili\u015fki ilk kez tanr\u0131sal bir zemine oturtulup me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in feminist m\u00fccadelenin do\u011fmas\u0131na vesile olacak kad\u0131n hareketlerinin ve simgelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi, as\u0131rlar sonra bile kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesine \u0131\u015f\u0131k olacak olan Gouges\u2019i giyotine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp idam etmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bug\u00fcne rehberlik edecek \u00f6nemdedir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Gouges ve Wallstonecraft gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini, m\u00fccadelemize \u0131\u015f\u0131k olan eserlerini ortaya koyabilmeleri i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u201ce\u015fitlik\u201d s\u00f6ylemini y\u00fckseltmi\u015f ve onlara zemin yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze I\u015f\u0131k Tutan M\u00fccadele<\/b><\/p>\n

1700\u2019lerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Olympe de Gouges feminist, oyun yazar\u0131 ve jironden(1) politikac\u0131 bir kad\u0131nd\u0131. Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nde \u00f6nemli rol oynayan Jakobenlerin(2) hedef g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve sonunda giyotine g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek idam etti\u011fi Gouges \u201ccinsine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u201d ile itham edildi\u011fi ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n domestike edilmesinin savunuldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde feminist m\u00fccadelenin temellerini atarak birbirinden \u00f6nemli bir\u00e7ok eser ortaya koydu. Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nden sonra kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini g\u00f6ren Gouges bu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmekten geri durmayarak \u201cKad\u0131n ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131\u201d bildirisini yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1770 y\u0131l\u0131nda o\u011flu Pierre ile Paris\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nan Gouges yeterli yazma becerisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmesine ra\u011fmen bir\u00e7ok oyun, roman, politik yaz\u0131, manifesto ve edebi incelemeler yazd\u0131. \u201cKad\u0131n ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131\u201d bildirisi 1789\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan \u201c\u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi\u201dnin birebir ayn\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131 fakat insan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini kad\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu bildiri yasa ve toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n neden erkekler ile e\u015fit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir ilkti ve oklar\u0131 Gouges\u2019in \u00fczerine bir o kadar daha \u00e7ekecekti. Bu bildiri haklar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan oldu\u011funu, devredilemeyece\u011fini ve ink\u00e2r edilemeyece\u011fini savunuyordu. Fakat burjuva devriminden sonra kurulan ve erkek egemen bir d\u00fczeni olan mecliste kad\u0131n yanl\u0131s\u0131 kararlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Gouges bu d\u00f6nemde idam cezas\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00fcrtaj kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na itiraz, mahkemelerde halk j\u00fcrilerinin kurulmas\u0131, gayr\u0131 me\u015fru \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, evlat edinilmesi, devlet destekli do\u011fum evleri, ailede m\u00fclkiyet ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, gelir vergilerinin adaletsizli\u011fi ve yoksulluk gibi bir\u00e7ok konuda m\u00fccadele verdi. T\u00fcm bu m\u00fccadeleleri, eserleri, ele\u015ftirileri ve duru\u015fuyla d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde yeni bir d\u00fczeni savunan Gouges, bug\u00fcne \u0131\u015f\u0131k olmu\u015f ve feminizm tarihine ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yere yazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Feminizmin Annesi <\/b><\/p>\n

1759\u2019da Lonrada d\u00fcnyaya gelen Mary Wallstonecraft, annesi ve kendisinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan k\u00f6t\u00fc bir baba fig\u00fcr\u00fc ile b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Zeki bir kad\u0131n olan Mary kendi kendini e\u011fitmi\u015f ve erken ya\u015flarda kad\u0131nl\u0131k ve evlilik konular\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19 ya\u015f\u0131nda evden ayr\u0131larak kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kazanmak i\u00e7in m\u00fcrebbiyelik(3)yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 fakat bu mesle\u011fin kendine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n fakirlik i\u00e7inde \u00f6lmemek i\u00e7in e\u015flerinden ayr\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n rasyonellik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesi ve meslek sahibi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Bunun \u00fczerine 1787 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cK\u0131z \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n E\u011fitimi \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d ad\u0131nda bir eser yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00f6zy\u00f6netimini erkeklerin reddetti\u011fini ve bunun kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerindeki etkisini g\u00f6ren Mary bu konuda m\u00fccadele etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Gouges gibi devrimin sadece erkeklere e\u015fitlik ve demokrasi getirdi\u011fini savunan Mary \u201cKad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi\u201d isimli en \u00fcnl\u00fc eserini yazd\u0131. Mary, Gouges\u2019in kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasal var olu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinden farkl\u0131 olarak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal var olu\u015fu \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yordu. Eserinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sadece g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerine dikkat eden bireylere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ele\u015ftiriyor ve bunun sebebinin erkek egemen d\u00fczen oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. M\u00fccadelesiyle feminizmin annesi lakab\u0131n\u0131 alan Mary Wallstonecraft do\u011fum yapmas\u0131ndan 10 g\u00fcn sonra \u201ckad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6lmeyecekleri bir d\u00fcnya olacak, biliyorum.\u201d diyerek hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcn, Bug\u00fcn, Yar\u0131n<\/b><\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bu iki kad\u0131n e\u015fitlik ve demokrasi savunusunun \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bundan hi\u00e7bir pay alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f; idam edilmelerine, mutsuz bir hayat ya\u015famak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen feminist m\u00fccadelenin temellerini atm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0131\u015f\u0131k olacak eserler ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ataerkinin kad\u0131n bedeni, ya\u015fam\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu hegemonya \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlardan bug\u00fcne uzan\u0131yor; t\u0131pk\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi gibi\u2026<\/p>\n

Bayra\u011f\u0131, 1700\u2019lerde k\u0131zkarde\u015flerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden kad\u0131nlardan devral\u0131p h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden bizler cesaretimizi giyotinde \u201c\u00d6c\u00fcm\u00fc al\u0131n anayurdumun evlatlar\u0131!\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131ran Gouges, kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ise \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde, do\u011fururken \u00f6lmeyen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fc\u015fleyen Wallstonecraft\u2019tan al\u0131yoruz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde taleplerimizin Wallstonecraft ve Gouges ile benze\u015fmesi, hatta baz\u0131 noktalarda ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131, ataerkinin her \u00e7a\u011fda en \u00e7ok kad\u0131nlar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir kan\u0131t\u0131 niteli\u011finde. Tam da bu y\u00fczden bir kez daha s\u00f6ylemek istiyoruz ki: D\u00fcn, bug\u00fcn, yar\u0131n… Son k\u0131zkarde\u015fimiz de \u00f6zg\u00fcr olana dek…<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1)Jironden: \u0130simlerini\u00a0Bordeaux\u00a0kentini de i\u00e7ine alan “Gironde” b\u00f6lgesinden alm\u0131\u015f,\u00a0Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u00a0esnas\u0131nda mecliste burjuvazinin sesi olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, Kral’a yak\u0131n bir gruptu.<\/p>\n

(2)Jakoben: Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin radikal devrimci kanad\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve Kral\u2019\u0131n idam\u0131nda da ba\u015frol\u00fc alan burjuva gruptur. Grubun as\u0131l ismi Anayasa Dostlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

(3)M\u00fcrebbiye: Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim ve bak\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f kad\u0131n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"makale<\/a> \"makale<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cE\u015fitlik\u201d ve \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi, bu bayra\u011f\u0131 eline al\u0131p y\u00fckseltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in zifiri karanl\u0131k olmu\u015f, haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan kad\u0131nlar giyotine bile g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Buna<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[40,67,38,9,42,1,39],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4eHWX-2gc","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8692"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8692"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8692\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8695,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8692\/revisions\/8695"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baraka.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}